THE RELATION BETWEEN GENDER AND DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF FEMALE MANAGERS IN MODERN RURAL TOURISM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj2101069CKeywords:
rural tourism, emotional intelligence, gender differences in emotional inteligence and competencies of managers, tourism and hospitalityAbstract
The main goal of this research is to examine the relation between gender and differences in affective attachment, emotional intelligence and self-esteem among students population. The scales for self-assessment of emotional intelligence, affective attachment and self-esteem were used in the current research. The sample consisted of 231 respondents, students of tourism and hospitality management, 71 males and 160 females. Considering that our sample is not representative, because there is a large disproportion in the number of male and female respondents, and that distribution of scores on measured variables deviates from normal, we used nonparametric techniques: Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal-Walis one way analysis of variance. The results show that female students have more pronounced emotional intelligence in the domain of perceiving and understanding emotions, as well as a better ability to regulate and manage emotions compared to male respondents, while the measured scores at scale of affective attachment and self-esteem did not show statistically significant differences between gender. On further, female managers in our research see the development of rural tourism as their business opportunity.
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References
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22. Kernbach, S., & Schutte, N.S. (2005). The impact of service provider emotional intelligence on customer satisfaction. The Journal of Services Marketing, 19(7), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040510625945
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24. Leiter, M.P., Day, A., & Price, L. (2015). Attachment styles at work: measurement, collegial relationships, and burnout. Burnout research, 2(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2015.02.003
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29. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): Users manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
30. Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead (Review). Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129- 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
31. Mihailović, B., Cvijanović, D., & Simonović, Z. (2015). The role of business ethics in human resource management, Institute of Agricultural Economics, 65(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1501085M
32. Milošević, M., & Čolović, M. (2019). Razvojna i pedagoška psihologija sa primenom u sportu i fzičkom vaspitanju, Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum. [in English: Developmental and pedagogical psychology with application in sports and physical education, Belgrade: Singidunum University].
33. Molander, B., Holmström, S., & Jansson, J. (2005). ESCQ-45 as related to self-rated job stress and health. Proceedings Paper at the 9 th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
34. Nikić, G., Mitrović, М., & Travica, V. (2014a). The quality of business communications depending on the attachment style, social emotional competences and personality traits. Industrija, 42(4), 79-97.
35. Nikić, G., Travica, V., & Mitrović, М. (2014b). Differences between employees and managers regarding socio-emotional competences. Serbian Journal of Management, 9(2), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm9-5440
36. Nikić, G., & Mitrović, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence of the employees in Serbia – gender differences. Journal of Womens Entrepreneurship and Education – JWE, 67 – 85.
37. Palmer, B.R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.11.003
38. Pantić, N., Milojević, I., & Mićović, A. (2020). Menadžerska analiza mogućnosti upravljanja procesom privatizacije. Tehnika, 75(4), 493-497. https://doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2004493P
39. Popper, M., & Amit, K. (2009). Influence of Attachment Styile on Major Psychological capacites to Lead. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(3), 244- 267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307
40. Räty, H. (2005). Perceived emotional competence and self-concept. Proceedings Paper at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
41. Ronen, S. & Mikulincer, M. (2011). Predicting employees satisfaction and burnout from managers attachment and caregiving orientations, 828-849.
42. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
43. Savić, B., & Obradović, N. (2020). Challenges in fnancial reporting about biological assets. Oditor-časopis za menadžment, finansije i pravo, 6(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.5937/Oditor2001007S
44. Scharfe, E. (2017). Sex Difference in Attachment. In T. K. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3592-1
45. Sy, T., Tram, S., & OHara, L.A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003
46. Takšić, V., & Moharić, T., & Munjas, R. (2006). Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, operacionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet. [in English: Emotional intelligence: theory, operationalization, application and connection with positive psychology. Rijeka: Faculty of Philosophy].
47. Toyota, H. (2005). Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire: Development of a Japanese version Proceedings Paper 9 th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
48. Vučenović, D., Hajncl, Lj., & Takšić, V. (2014). Razvoj emocionalne inteligencije u obiteljskom okruženju i odnos s problemima u ponašanju. Poglavlje u knjizi: Psihološki aspekti suvremene obitelji, braka i partnerstva, Sveučilišni udžbenik, Zagreb, Naklada Slap i HPD, 275 — 296. [in English: Development of emotional intelligence in a family environment and relationship with behavioral problems. Chapter in the book: Psychological aspects of the modern family, marriage and partnership, University textbook, Zagreb, Naklada Slap and HPD, 275 - 296].
2. Avsec, A. (2005). Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire: Reliability and validity of a Slovene version at the 9th European Congress of Psychology (3-8 July), Granada, Spain.
3. Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The essential difference: the truth about the male and female brain. New York, Basic Book.
4. Berson, Y., & Yammarino, O. (2006). Attachment style and individual differences in leadership perceptions and emergence. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(2), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.146.2.165-182
5. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. 2. New York, Basic Books.
6. Chivu, L., Ciutacu, C., & Georgescu, L. (2015). Household income in Romania. A challenge to economic and social cohesion. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22, 398-401. https://doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00310-X
7. Chivu, L. (2019). Local entrepreneurship and social services in Romania. Territorial analysis. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(2), 79- 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.04.001
8. Čolović, M., & Zlatanović, Lj. (2011). Facial signs of masking, blocking and suppressing experimentally induced emotions of sadness. Yearbook of Psychology, 8(10), 152 – 168.
9. Ciarrochi, J.V., Chan, A.Y.C., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(3), 539-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00119-1
10. Ciarrochi, J.V., Hynes, K., & Crittenden, N. (2005). Can men do better if they try harder? Gender and motivational effects on emotional awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000102
11. Day, A.L., & Carroll, S.A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1443-1458. 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00240-X
12. Dašić, D., Živković, D., & Vujić, T. (2020). Rural tourism in development function of rural areas in serbia. Economics of Agriculture, 67(3), 719-733. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj2003719D
13. Davidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers performance and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 632–650. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632
14. Extremera, N. & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2005). Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ): Adaptation to Spanish, reliability and its relationship with well-being indexes. In V. Takšić (Chair), Cross-cultural validation of Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ). Symposium conducted at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
15. Faria, L., & Lima Santos, N. (2005). Adaptation of the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ) to the Portuguese context. In V. Takšić (Chair), Cross-cultural validation of Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ). Symposium conducted at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
16. Grobova, J., Čolović, M., Marjanović-Jakovljević, M., Njeguš, A., Demirel, H., & Gholamreza, A. (2017). Automatic Hidden Sadness Detection Using Micro-Expressions. Proceedings Paper of 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), 828 – 832.
17. Gorbova, J., Čolović, M., Marjanović-Jakovljević, M., Nјeguš, A., & Anbarjafari, G. (2019). Going Deeper in Hidden Sadness Recognition Using Spontaneous Database. Multimedia tools and applications, 78(16), 23161 – 23178.
18. Hall, J.A., & Mast, M.S. (2008). Are women always more interpersonally sensitive than men? Impact of goals and content domain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(1), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207309192
19. Hanak, N., & Dimitrijevic, A. (2013). A Serbian version of modified and revised experiences in close relationships scale (SM–ECR–R). Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(5), 530–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.778271
20. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P.R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.270
21. Kernbach, S., Schutte, N. & Langhorn, S. (2004). How emotional intelligence can improve management performance. Intern ational Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(4), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410537379
22. Kernbach, S., & Schutte, N.S. (2005). The impact of service provider emotional intelligence on customer satisfaction. The Journal of Services Marketing, 19(7), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040510625945
23. Koc, E. (2019). Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality, Turkey: Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University.
24. Leiter, M.P., Day, A., & Price, L. (2015). Attachment styles at work: measurement, collegial relationships, and burnout. Burnout research, 2(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2015.02.003
25. Lopez-Zafra, E., Garcia-Retamero, R., & Martos, M.P.B. (2012). The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Emotional Intelligence from a Gendered Approach. Psychological Record, 62(1), 97–114.
26. Lopez-Zafra, E., & Gartzia, L. (2014). Perceptions of Gender Differences in Self-Report Measures of Emotional Intelligence. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 70(11-12), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0368-6
27. Mayer, J. D. & Salovey, P. (1990). Emotional intelligence, Imagination, Congition and Personality. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
28. Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(99)00016-1
29. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): Users manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
30. Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead (Review). Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 129- 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003
31. Mihailović, B., Cvijanović, D., & Simonović, Z. (2015). The role of business ethics in human resource management, Institute of Agricultural Economics, 65(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1501085M
32. Milošević, M., & Čolović, M. (2019). Razvojna i pedagoška psihologija sa primenom u sportu i fzičkom vaspitanju, Beograd: Univerzitet Singidunum. [in English: Developmental and pedagogical psychology with application in sports and physical education, Belgrade: Singidunum University].
33. Molander, B., Holmström, S., & Jansson, J. (2005). ESCQ-45 as related to self-rated job stress and health. Proceedings Paper at the 9 th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
34. Nikić, G., Mitrović, М., & Travica, V. (2014a). The quality of business communications depending on the attachment style, social emotional competences and personality traits. Industrija, 42(4), 79-97.
35. Nikić, G., Travica, V., & Mitrović, М. (2014b). Differences between employees and managers regarding socio-emotional competences. Serbian Journal of Management, 9(2), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm9-5440
36. Nikić, G., & Mitrović, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence of the employees in Serbia – gender differences. Journal of Womens Entrepreneurship and Education – JWE, 67 – 85.
37. Palmer, B.R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33(3), 285-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2004.11.003
38. Pantić, N., Milojević, I., & Mićović, A. (2020). Menadžerska analiza mogućnosti upravljanja procesom privatizacije. Tehnika, 75(4), 493-497. https://doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2004493P
39. Popper, M., & Amit, K. (2009). Influence of Attachment Styile on Major Psychological capacites to Lead. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(3), 244- 267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307
40. Räty, H. (2005). Perceived emotional competence and self-concept. Proceedings Paper at the 9th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
41. Ronen, S. & Mikulincer, M. (2011). Predicting employees satisfaction and burnout from managers attachment and caregiving orientations, 828-849.
42. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
43. Savić, B., & Obradović, N. (2020). Challenges in fnancial reporting about biological assets. Oditor-časopis za menadžment, finansije i pravo, 6(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.5937/Oditor2001007S
44. Scharfe, E. (2017). Sex Difference in Attachment. In T. K. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3592-1
45. Sy, T., Tram, S., & OHara, L.A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003
46. Takšić, V., & Moharić, T., & Munjas, R. (2006). Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, operacionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet. [in English: Emotional intelligence: theory, operationalization, application and connection with positive psychology. Rijeka: Faculty of Philosophy].
47. Toyota, H. (2005). Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire: Development of a Japanese version Proceedings Paper 9 th European Congress of Psychology, Granada, Spain.
48. Vučenović, D., Hajncl, Lj., & Takšić, V. (2014). Razvoj emocionalne inteligencije u obiteljskom okruženju i odnos s problemima u ponašanju. Poglavlje u knjizi: Psihološki aspekti suvremene obitelji, braka i partnerstva, Sveučilišni udžbenik, Zagreb, Naklada Slap i HPD, 275 — 296. [in English: Development of emotional intelligence in a family environment and relationship with behavioral problems. Chapter in the book: Psychological aspects of the modern family, marriage and partnership, University textbook, Zagreb, Naklada Slap and HPD, 275 - 296].
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Published
2021-03-25
How to Cite
Čolović, M., Nikić, G., & Stamatović, M. (2021). THE RELATION BETWEEN GENDER AND DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF FEMALE MANAGERS IN MODERN RURAL TOURISM. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 68(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj2101069C
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