GENDER GAP IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA: A COMMODITY LEVEL ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj1702415OKeywords:
Gender gap, Agricultural productivity, Non-parametric regression techniqueAbstract
This study assesses gender gap in agricultural productivity across selected major crops grown by Nigerian farmers including cassava, yam, maize, guinea corn, bean and millet. The data for the study is sourced from the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture for the year 2012/2013. The pairwise mean comparisons was applied to determine the extent of gender gap in agricultural productivity, inputs access and other variables; while non-parametric quantile regression technique was employed to assess the relationship between input use and gender gaps in farm outputs. The key finding is that gender gaps in farm output is low with quantity harvested and harvest sales of male managed plots marginally higher than female managed plots by 0.22% and 6.24%, respectively. The gender productivity gaps vary across selected crops and it is more pronounced in cassava, yam and maize production, while it is mild in other crops. The gender farm productivity gaps are traceable to longer farming experience in favour of men and labour market imperfection which is biased against women. Hence, labour market imperfections against women need to be addressed. This requires a formalized farming system which is presently lacking in Nigeria.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Adenugba, A., Raji-Mustapha, N. (2013): The Role of Women in Promoting Agricultural Productivity and Developing Skills for Improved Quality of Life in Rural Areas, Journal of Engineering , Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 51-58.
2. African Development Bank (2015): Economic Empowerment of African Women through Equitable Participation in Agricultural Value Chains. Abidjan: African Development Bank, (Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fleadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Economic_Empowerment_of_African_Women_through_Equitable_Participation_in___Agricultural_Value_Chains.pdf ).
3. Afolabi, M. (2008): Women as Pillars of National Economy in Nigeria: A Study of Economic Activities of Rural Women in Six Local Government Areas of Ondo State. Torino, Italy: IAFFE Summer Conference, International Association for Feminist.
4. African Economic Outlook. (2012): Promoting Youth Employment, OECD, AfDB, UNDP, UNECA.
5. Aguilar, A., Carranza, A., Goldstein, M., Kilic, T., Oseni, G. (2014): Decompostion of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia, Policy Research Paper 6764, World Bank.
6. Ajewole, O., Eyitayo, O., Ojehomon, V., Agboho-Noameshie, R., Diagne, A. (2015): Gender Analysis of Agricultural Innovation and Decision Making among Rice Farming Household in Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Informatics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 72-82.
7. Ali, D., Bowen, D., Deininger, K., Duponchel, M. (2015): Investigating the gender gap in agricultural productivity: Evidence from Uganda, Policy Research Working Paper, No.7262, The World Bank.
8. Ayoola, J., Kudi, T., Dangbegnon, C., Dauda, C., Mando, A., Amapu, I., Ezui, K. (2012): Gender Perspectives of Action Research for Improved Rice Value Chain in Northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 211-218.
9. Budget Offce of the Federation (2016): Appropriation Bill.Abuja: Budget Offce of the Federation.
10. Cnetral Bank of Nigeria (2015): Statistical Bulletine. Cnetral Bank of Nigeria.
11. Daymont, T. N., Andrisani, P., J. (1984): Job preferences, college major, and the gender gap in earnings, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 19, pp. 408–428.
12. Dejene, Y. (2007): Promoting Womens Economic Empowerment in Africa. African Development Bank, (Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fleadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Knowledge/25040341-FR-DRAFT-DEJENE.9-15-07DOC.PDF ).
13. Doss, C., Morris, M. (2001): How Does Gender Affect the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations? The Case of Improved Maiza Technology in Ghana, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27-39.
14. Enete, A., Nweke, F., Tollens, E. (2004). Gender and Cassava Processing in Africa, Quaterly Journal of International Agriculture, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 57-69.
15. Food and Agriculture Organization (2006): The State of Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
16. Food and Agriculture Organization (2011): The State of Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization .
17. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2016): The Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016-2020): Building on the Successes of the ATA, Closing Key Gaps. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
18. Fortin, N. (2006): Greed, Altruism, and the Gender Wage Gap, Working Paper, Department of Economics: University of British Columbia, (Avaialable at: http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/nfortin/Fortinat8.pdf )
19. Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., Firpo, S. (2011): Decomposition Methods In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labour Economics (pp. 1-102). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland.
20. Hertz, T., Winters, P., A.P, D., Quinones, E., Azzari, B., Davis, B., Zezza, A. (2009): Wage Inequality in International Perspective: Effects of Location, Sector and Gender. Rome: FAO.
21. IFAD. (2003): Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in IFADs Operations: Plan of Action 2003-2006, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development .
22. Jann, B. (2008): The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models, The Stata Journal¸ Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 453-479
23. Kilic, T., Palacios-Lopez, A., Goldstein, M. (2013): Caught in a Productivity Trap: A Distributional Perspective on Gender Differences in Malawian Agriculture. Policy Research Working Paper, 6381, The World Bank.
24. Lopez, R., Romano, C. (2000): Rural Poverty in Hondras: Asset Distribution and Liquidity Constraints. In R. Lopez, & A. Valdes (Eds.), Rural Poverty in Latin America: Analytics, New Empirical Evidence and Policies. MacMillan Press (UK) and Saint Martins Press (USA).
25. Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfeld, G., Colverson, K., Akeredolu, M. (2013): Reducing the Gender Gap in Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services: How to Find the Best Fit for Men and Women Farmers. MEAS Discussion Paper 2.
26. March, C., Smyth, I., Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999): A Guide to Gender-Analysis Frameworks. Oxfam GB Publications.
27. Moock, P. (1976): The Effciency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 831-835.
28. Mukasa, A. N., Salami, A. O. (2015): Gender productivity differentials among smallholder farmers in Africa: A cross-country comparison, AfDB Working Paper No.231.
29. National Bureau of Statistics. (2015): Nigerian Gross Domestic Product, Quarter Four 2015 GDP Report. National Bureau of Statistics.
30. Ogunlela, Y., Mukhtar, A. (2009): Gender Issues in Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria: The Role of Women, Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-30.
31. Oladeebo, J., Fajuyigbe, A., A. (2007): Technical Effciency of Men and Women Upland Rice Farmers in Osun State, Nigeria, Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 93-100.
32. Olakojo, S., A. (2016): Seasonal Labour Market Rigidities: Impact on Farm Employment and Wages in Nigeria, Economics of Agriculture, Vol. 63, No.4, pp. 1123-1140.
33. ONeill, J., ONeil, D. (2006): What do Wage Differentials tell about Labour Market Discriminations? In S. Polachek, C. Chiswick, and H. Rapoport (Eds.), The Economics of Immigration and Social Diversity (Reseearch in Labor Economics Series, Vol. 24) (pp. 293-357). Ansterdam: Elsevier.
34. Oseni, G., Corral, P., Goldstein, M., Winters, P. (2013): Explaining Gender Differnetials in Agricultural Production in Nigeria. Washington, DC: World Bank.
35. Palacios-Lopez, A., Lopez, R. (2014): Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity: The Role of Market Imperfections. Department of Agricultural and Resources Economics WP 14-01, (Available at http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/164061/2/14-01.pdf )
36. Peterman, A., Behrman, J., Quisumbing, A. (2011b): A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Nonland Agricultural Inputs, Technology and Services in Developing Countries, International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper 00975.
37. Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J., Nkonya, E. (2011a): Understanding the Complexities Surrounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria and Uganda. Journal of Development Studies, vol. 47, pp. 1482-1509.
38. Quisumbing, A. (1995): Gender Differences in Agrciultural Productivity: A Survey of Empirical Evidence, International Food Policy Research Institute: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division.
39. Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J. (2010): Understanding the Complexities Surounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria and Uganda, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper.
40. Timothy, A., Adeoti, A., I. (2006): Gender Inequalities and Economic Effciency: New Evidence from Cassava based Farm Holdings in Rural South-Western Nigeria, African Developmenmt Review, vol. 18, no. 3 pp. 428-443.
41. Udry, C. (1996): Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 104, no.5, pp. 1010-1046.
42. UNECA. (1982):Women: The Neglected Human Resource for African Development. Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 359-370, (Avialable at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/484209.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac8cda1ce494d90b9e892110a675927c5 )
43. World Bank (2007): Global Monitoring Report 2007: Millennium Development Goals - Confronting Challenges of Gender Equity and Fragile States. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
44. World Bank, FAO, IFAD. (2009): Gender and Agriculature.World Bank and United Nations.
2. African Development Bank (2015): Economic Empowerment of African Women through Equitable Participation in Agricultural Value Chains. Abidjan: African Development Bank, (Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fleadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Economic_Empowerment_of_African_Women_through_Equitable_Participation_in___Agricultural_Value_Chains.pdf ).
3. Afolabi, M. (2008): Women as Pillars of National Economy in Nigeria: A Study of Economic Activities of Rural Women in Six Local Government Areas of Ondo State. Torino, Italy: IAFFE Summer Conference, International Association for Feminist.
4. African Economic Outlook. (2012): Promoting Youth Employment, OECD, AfDB, UNDP, UNECA.
5. Aguilar, A., Carranza, A., Goldstein, M., Kilic, T., Oseni, G. (2014): Decompostion of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia, Policy Research Paper 6764, World Bank.
6. Ajewole, O., Eyitayo, O., Ojehomon, V., Agboho-Noameshie, R., Diagne, A. (2015): Gender Analysis of Agricultural Innovation and Decision Making among Rice Farming Household in Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Informatics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 72-82.
7. Ali, D., Bowen, D., Deininger, K., Duponchel, M. (2015): Investigating the gender gap in agricultural productivity: Evidence from Uganda, Policy Research Working Paper, No.7262, The World Bank.
8. Ayoola, J., Kudi, T., Dangbegnon, C., Dauda, C., Mando, A., Amapu, I., Ezui, K. (2012): Gender Perspectives of Action Research for Improved Rice Value Chain in Northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 211-218.
9. Budget Offce of the Federation (2016): Appropriation Bill.Abuja: Budget Offce of the Federation.
10. Cnetral Bank of Nigeria (2015): Statistical Bulletine. Cnetral Bank of Nigeria.
11. Daymont, T. N., Andrisani, P., J. (1984): Job preferences, college major, and the gender gap in earnings, Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 19, pp. 408–428.
12. Dejene, Y. (2007): Promoting Womens Economic Empowerment in Africa. African Development Bank, (Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fleadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Knowledge/25040341-FR-DRAFT-DEJENE.9-15-07DOC.PDF ).
13. Doss, C., Morris, M. (2001): How Does Gender Affect the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations? The Case of Improved Maiza Technology in Ghana, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27-39.
14. Enete, A., Nweke, F., Tollens, E. (2004). Gender and Cassava Processing in Africa, Quaterly Journal of International Agriculture, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 57-69.
15. Food and Agriculture Organization (2006): The State of Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
16. Food and Agriculture Organization (2011): The State of Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization .
17. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2016): The Agriculture Promotion Policy (2016-2020): Building on the Successes of the ATA, Closing Key Gaps. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
18. Fortin, N. (2006): Greed, Altruism, and the Gender Wage Gap, Working Paper, Department of Economics: University of British Columbia, (Avaialable at: http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/nfortin/Fortinat8.pdf )
19. Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., Firpo, S. (2011): Decomposition Methods In O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labour Economics (pp. 1-102). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland.
20. Hertz, T., Winters, P., A.P, D., Quinones, E., Azzari, B., Davis, B., Zezza, A. (2009): Wage Inequality in International Perspective: Effects of Location, Sector and Gender. Rome: FAO.
21. IFAD. (2003): Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in IFADs Operations: Plan of Action 2003-2006, Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development .
22. Jann, B. (2008): The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models, The Stata Journal¸ Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 453-479
23. Kilic, T., Palacios-Lopez, A., Goldstein, M. (2013): Caught in a Productivity Trap: A Distributional Perspective on Gender Differences in Malawian Agriculture. Policy Research Working Paper, 6381, The World Bank.
24. Lopez, R., Romano, C. (2000): Rural Poverty in Hondras: Asset Distribution and Liquidity Constraints. In R. Lopez, & A. Valdes (Eds.), Rural Poverty in Latin America: Analytics, New Empirical Evidence and Policies. MacMillan Press (UK) and Saint Martins Press (USA).
25. Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfeld, G., Colverson, K., Akeredolu, M. (2013): Reducing the Gender Gap in Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services: How to Find the Best Fit for Men and Women Farmers. MEAS Discussion Paper 2.
26. March, C., Smyth, I., Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999): A Guide to Gender-Analysis Frameworks. Oxfam GB Publications.
27. Moock, P. (1976): The Effciency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 831-835.
28. Mukasa, A. N., Salami, A. O. (2015): Gender productivity differentials among smallholder farmers in Africa: A cross-country comparison, AfDB Working Paper No.231.
29. National Bureau of Statistics. (2015): Nigerian Gross Domestic Product, Quarter Four 2015 GDP Report. National Bureau of Statistics.
30. Ogunlela, Y., Mukhtar, A. (2009): Gender Issues in Agriculture and Rural Development in Nigeria: The Role of Women, Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 19-30.
31. Oladeebo, J., Fajuyigbe, A., A. (2007): Technical Effciency of Men and Women Upland Rice Farmers in Osun State, Nigeria, Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 93-100.
32. Olakojo, S., A. (2016): Seasonal Labour Market Rigidities: Impact on Farm Employment and Wages in Nigeria, Economics of Agriculture, Vol. 63, No.4, pp. 1123-1140.
33. ONeill, J., ONeil, D. (2006): What do Wage Differentials tell about Labour Market Discriminations? In S. Polachek, C. Chiswick, and H. Rapoport (Eds.), The Economics of Immigration and Social Diversity (Reseearch in Labor Economics Series, Vol. 24) (pp. 293-357). Ansterdam: Elsevier.
34. Oseni, G., Corral, P., Goldstein, M., Winters, P. (2013): Explaining Gender Differnetials in Agricultural Production in Nigeria. Washington, DC: World Bank.
35. Palacios-Lopez, A., Lopez, R. (2014): Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity: The Role of Market Imperfections. Department of Agricultural and Resources Economics WP 14-01, (Available at http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/164061/2/14-01.pdf )
36. Peterman, A., Behrman, J., Quisumbing, A. (2011b): A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Nonland Agricultural Inputs, Technology and Services in Developing Countries, International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper 00975.
37. Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J., Nkonya, E. (2011a): Understanding the Complexities Surrounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria and Uganda. Journal of Development Studies, vol. 47, pp. 1482-1509.
38. Quisumbing, A. (1995): Gender Differences in Agrciultural Productivity: A Survey of Empirical Evidence, International Food Policy Research Institute: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division.
39. Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J. (2010): Understanding the Complexities Surounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria and Uganda, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Discussion Paper.
40. Timothy, A., Adeoti, A., I. (2006): Gender Inequalities and Economic Effciency: New Evidence from Cassava based Farm Holdings in Rural South-Western Nigeria, African Developmenmt Review, vol. 18, no. 3 pp. 428-443.
41. Udry, C. (1996): Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 104, no.5, pp. 1010-1046.
42. UNECA. (1982):Women: The Neglected Human Resource for African Development. Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 359-370, (Avialable at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/484209.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac8cda1ce494d90b9e892110a675927c5 )
43. World Bank (2007): Global Monitoring Report 2007: Millennium Development Goals - Confronting Challenges of Gender Equity and Fragile States. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
44. World Bank, FAO, IFAD. (2009): Gender and Agriculature.World Bank and United Nations.
Downloads
Published
2017-06-30
How to Cite
Abayomi Olakojo, S. (2017). GENDER GAP IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA: A COMMODITY LEVEL ANALYSIS. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede, 64(2), 415–435. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj1702415O
Issue
Section
Original scientific papers
